๐AI Interview Questions for 2025:-
Are you preparing for an AI job interview? Whether you are a fresher or an experienced professional, this comprehensive guide of frequently asked Artificial Intelligence interview questions and answers will help you land your dream job. These AI interview questions are also beneficial for academic viva or technical assessments.
๐1) What is Artificial Intelligence (AI)?
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a branch of computer science focused on building smart machines capable of performing tasks that typically require human intelligence. This includes activities like learning, reasoning, problem-solving, and understanding language.
๐2) What are Neural Networks in AI?
Neural Networks are algorithms inspired by the human brain’s structure and function. They are designed to recognize patterns, classify data, and make predictions by simulating how biological neurons process information.
๐3) Where is AI used in real-world applications?
AI is widely used across industries, including:
- Healthcare (medical diagnosis, personalized treatment)
- Finance (fraud detection, algorithmic trading)
- Retail (recommendation engines)
- Robotics (autonomous vehicles, industrial automation)
- Natural Language Processing (chatbots, virtual assistants)
๐4) Which programming languages are commonly used in AI development?
Popular AI programming languages include Python, R, Java, and C++. Perl, although versatile, is not widely used in AI development.
๐5) What is Prolog in Artificial Intelligence?
Prolog is a logic programming language frequently used in AI for solving problems involving symbolic reasoning and non-numeric computation.
๐6) Explain the difference between Strong AI and Weak AI.
- Strong AI aims to create machines that genuinely mimic human intelligence.
- Weak AI focuses on building systems that simulate human-like behavior but do not possess true cognitive abilities.
๐7) What is the difference between Statistical AI and Classical AI?
- Statistical AI is data-driven and emphasizes inductive reasoning and pattern recognition.
- Classical AI relies on rule-based systems and deductive logic to solve problems.
๐8) What are Alternate, Artificial, Compound, and Natural Keys in AI-related databases?
- Alternate Key: Any candidate key other than the primary key.
- Artificial Key: A system-generated key used when no natural key is available.
- Compound Key: Combines multiple fields to create a unique identifier.
- Natural Key: A naturally occurring attribute that uniquely identifies a record.
๐9) What is a Production Rule in AI?
A production rule consists of a condition (IF) and an action (THEN). These rules are fundamental in rule-based expert systems.
๐10) Which search algorithm consumes the least memory?
Depth-First Search (DFS) is memory-efficient as it explores one branch deeply before backtracking.
๐11) What is the best approach for solving game-playing problems in AI?
The heuristic search approach is widely used in AI game development to predict the best moves based on intelligent estimation.
๐12) A Algorithm is based on which search method?*
A* is an advanced form of best-first search and is optimal and complete under certain conditions.
๐13) What is a Hybrid Bayesian Network?
It is a probabilistic graphical model containing both discrete and continuous variables to handle complex AI problems.
๐14) Define an Agent in AI.
An agent is any entity capable of perceiving its environment via sensors and acting upon it through effectors. Agents can be robots, software programs, or humans.
๐15) What is Partial-Order Planning?
Partial-order planning focuses on sequencing actions without fully committing to the order, allowing flexibility in execution.
๐16) What are two primary steps in plan construction in AI?
- Adding an operator (action)
- Adding an ordering constraint between actions
๐17) Which is NOT a desirable property of logical rule-based systems?
“Attachment” is not considered desirable in logical rule-based AI systems.
๐18) Explain Neural Networks in AI briefly.
A neural network in AI models brain-like systems where layers of neurons process data inputs to predict outputs.
๐19) When is an algorithm considered complete?
An algorithm is complete when it guarantees to find a solution if one exists.
๐20) What is a heuristic function in AI?
A heuristic function estimates the cost from the current node to the goal, helping guide search algorithms like A*.
๐21) What is the function of the third component in a planning system?
It detects when a valid solution has been found during the planning process.
๐22) What does Generality mean in AI?
Generality refers to the ability of an AI technique to be applied across various domains.
๐23) What is a Top-Down Parser?
A top-down parser starts with the highest-level rule and works down the parse tree by predicting subcomponents.
๐24) Difference between Breadth-First Search and Best-First Search?
- Breadth-First Search (BFS): Expands all nodes at a current depth before going deeper.
- Best-First Search: Expands nodes based on the most promising option as per the heuristic.
๐25) What are Frames and Scripts in AI?
- Frames: Structured data representing stereotyped situations.
- Scripts: Ordered sequences of actions or events used in natural language understanding.
๐26) What is FOPL in AI?
FOPL (First Order Predicate Logic) is a formal system in AI for expressing facts, rules, and relationships in a domain.
๐27) What are the core components of FOPL?
- Constants
- Variables
- Predicate Symbols
- Function Symbols
- Logical Connectives
- Quantifiers (Universal and Existential)
- Equality relation
๐28) In AI, which agent performs online search?
An online search agent interleaves computation and action, taking steps based on observed environments.
๐29) Which online search algorithms use limited memory?
RBFE (Recursive Best-First Search) and SMA* (Simplified Memory-Bounded A*) are memory-efficient alternatives to A*.
๐30) Where is Bayes Rule applied in AI?
Bayes Rule is used to compute conditional probabilities in AI models and probabilistic reasoning.
๐31) What terms are required to build a Bayesian model?
- Prior probability
- Conditional probability
- Evidence probability
๐32) What is the relationship between a node and its predecessors in Bayesian Networks?
Nodes are conditionally independent of their non-descendant nodes given their parent nodes.
๐33) How can a Bayesian Network answer queries?
By marginalizing or summing relevant joint probabilities across the network.
๐34) What combines inductive learning with first-order logic?
Inductive Logic Programming (ILP) combines machine learning techniques with first-order logic.
๐35) What is the objective of Inductive Logic Programming (ILP)?
To generate hypotheses (logical sentences) that satisfy given background knowledge and observed data.
๐36) What are the available literals in top-down inductive learning?
- Predicates
- Arithmetic relations
- Equality/Inequality constraints
๐37) Which algorithm inverts a complete resolution?
The Inverse Resolution algorithm.
๐38) What type of signal is used in speech recognition?
An acoustic signal is analyzed to identify spoken words.
๐39) Which model gives the probability of word sequences in speech recognition?
The Bigram Model predicts the likelihood of a word given the previous word.
๐40) Which algorithm solves temporal probabilistic reasoning?
The Hidden Markov Model (HMM) is used for sequential data and time-dependent phenomena.
๐41) Where is HMM widely applied?
HMMs are used in speech recognition, handwriting recognition, and bioinformatics.
๐42) In HMM, how is the state described?
A state is represented by a single discrete random variable.
๐43) What are the possible values of this variable?
Possible states or observations in the model’s defined environment.
๐44) Can additional variables be added in HMM?
Yes, extra state variables can be integrated to extend the temporal model.
๐45) What is semantic analysis in AI?
It interprets the meaning of words, phrases, and sentences to derive logical meaning in Natural Language Processing (NLP).
๐46) What is compositional semantics?
It is the principle of determining the meaning of complex expressions from the meanings of their parts.
๐47) How is logical inference solved in Propositional Logic?
Using:
- Logical equivalence
- Validity
- Satisfiability
๐48) What process unifies logical expressions?
The unification process finds substitutions that make different logical expressions identical.
๐49) Which algorithm performs unification in AI?
The Unify algorithm computes the unifier for two logical expressions.
๐50) What is the simplest planning approach in AI?
State-space search, which explores all possible states to find a solution.
