Abstraction in Java

Abstraction in Java

👉What is Abstraction in Java?

Abstraction in Java is one of the core concepts of Object-Oriented Programming (OOP). It allows developers to hide the complex implementation details and expose only the relevant functionalities to the users. The primary goal of abstraction is to reduce complexity and improve code maintainability.

👉Key Benefits of Abstraction:-

• Hides implementation details and exposes only essential features.
• Enhances code reusability and scalability.
• Reduces the impact of changes in code by isolating functionality.
• Improves security by restricting direct access to data.

👉How Abstraction Works in Java:-

Java provides two ways to implement abstraction:

1. Abstract Classes: These classes contain abstract methods (methods without implementation) and can also include non-abstract methods.
2. Interfaces: These are purely abstract types that define a contract that implementing classes must follow.

👉Difference Between Abstract Class and Interface:-

Feature	Abstract Class	Interface
Methods	Can have both abstract and non-abstract methods	Only abstract methods (before Java 8)
Multiple Inheritance	Not supported	Supported
Access Modifiers	Can have protected, private, and public methods	Only public abstract methods
Implementation	Can provide method implementation	Cannot provide implementation (before Java 8)
Variables	Can have final, static, and instance variables	Only public, static, and final variables

👉Abstract Class Example in Java:-

abstract class Animal {
abstract void makeSound();
public void sleep() {
System.out.println(“Sleeping…”);
}
}
class Dog extends Animal {
void makeSound() {
System.out.println(“Bark”);
}
}
public class TestAbstraction {
public static void main(String args[]) {
Animal myDog = new Dog();
myDog.makeSound();
myDog.sleep();
}
}

Output:-

Bark
Sleeping…

👉Interface Example in Java:-

interface Vehicle {
void start();
}
class Car implements Vehicle {
public void start() {
System.out.println(“Car is starting…”);
}
}
public class TestInterface {
public static void main(String args[]) {
Vehicle myCar = new Car();
myCar.start();
}
}

Output:-

Car is starting…

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👉When to Use Abstract Classes & Interfaces:-

• Use Abstract Classes when you have a base class with some common behavior that should be shared among subclasses.
• Use Interfaces when you need to define a contract that multiple classes can implement, supporting multiple inheritance.

👉Conclusion:-

Abstraction in Java is a powerful feature that simplifies programming by hiding complex implementations and exposing only necessary details. By understanding abstract classes and interfaces, developers can design cleaner, more modular, and scalable Java applications.

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